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Association between cervical lesion grade and micronucleus frequency in the Papanicolaou test Genet. Mol. Biol.
Bueno,Caroline Tanski; Silva,Cláudia Maria Dornelles da; Barcellos,Regina Bones; Silva,Juliana da; Santos,Carla Rossana dos; Menezes,João Evangelista Sampaio; Menezes,Honório Sampaio; Rossetti,Maria Lucia Rosa.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and the cellular changes detected in the conventional Papanicolaou test. One hundred and seventy-four Papanicolaou test smears with cellular changes were examined. MN screening was done in cytopathological smears by counting 1,000 cervical cells in a light microscope. MN frequencies were significantly higher in the group with cellular changes compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The mean MN frequencies were 0.95 ± 1.12 (mean ± SD) in the control group (n = 223), 2.98 ± 1.20 in individuals with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) (n = 50), 4.04 ± 1.45 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I (n = 52), 5.97 ± 1.83 in CIN II...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cervical cancer; Cervical lesions; Micronucleus; Papanicolaou test.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572014000400004
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Methylation in the promoter regions of WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 genes in cervical cancer tissues of Uygur women in Xinjiang Genet. Mol. Biol.
Wu,Dan; Zhang,Jinli; Fan,Peiwen; Li,Hongtao; Li,Dongmei; Pan,Huan; He,Hongchang; Ren,Xianxian; Pan,Zhenzhen; Shao,Renfu; Pan,Zemin.
Abstract This study aimed to explore: 1) DNA methylation in the promoter regions of Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1), NK6 transcription factor related locus 1 gene (NKX6-1) and Deleted in bladder cancer 1 (DBC1) gene in cervical cancer tissues of Uygur women in Xinjiang, and 2) the correlation of gene methylation with the infection of HPV16/18 viruses. We detected HPV16/18 infection in 43 normal cervical tissues, 30 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions (CIN) and 48 cervical cancer tissues with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Methylation in the promoter regions of the WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 genes in the above-mentioned tissues was measured by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and cloning sequencing. The expression level of these three genes was measured by...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Gene methylation; Gene expression; HPV16/18; Cervical cancer; Uygur women.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572018000100009
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Effects of c-FLIPL Knockdown in Cervical Uterine Carcinoma Cell Lines International Journal of Morphology
Ili,Carmen G; Brebi,Priscilla; Garcia,Patricia; Leal,Pamela; Lopez,Jaime; Tapia,Oscar; Letelier,Pablo; Weber,Helga; Castillo,Jonathan; Roa,Juan C.
Overexpression of Short and Raji variants of Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is capable of inhibiting apoptosis, while the function of the Long isoform depends of c-FLIPL concentration in cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of c-FLIPL knockdown in cervical cell lines. SiHa, C-4I and C-33A cervical cancer cell lines were analyzed. c-FLIPL level expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. c-FLIPL was transiently downregulated by siRNA. The effects of knockdown of c-FLIPL on cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by comparing with scrambled siRNA-transfected cells. SiHa and C-4I c-FLIPL knockdown cells showed increased viability compared with scrambled siRNA-transfected...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Apoptosis; Proliferation; Cervical cancer; SiRNA; C-FLIPL.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022015000200036
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Expression of TRF2 and its prognostic relevance in advanced stage cervical cancer patients Biol. Res.
Ozden,Sevgi; Tiber,Pinar Mega; Ozgen,Zerrin; Ozyurt,Hazan; Serakinci,Nedime; Orun,Oya.
BACKGROUND: Telomeres are protective caps consisted of specific tandem repeats (5&#8242;-TTAGGG-3&#8242;). Shortening of telomeres at each cell division is known as "mitotic clock" of the cells, which renders telomeres as important regulators of lifespan. TRF2 is one of the critical members of shelterin complex, which is a protein complex responsible from the preservation of cap structure, and loss or mutation of TRF2 results in DNA damage, senescence or apoptosis. Since cancer is frequently associated with aberrant cell cycle progression, defective DNA repair or apoptosis pathways, TRF2 could be one likely candidate for cancer therapy. Here we investigated the prognostic role of TRF2 levels in cervical cancer patients. Fold-induction rates were...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Cervical cancer; Radiotherapy; Telomere repeat-binding factors 2; B-cell lymphoma-extra large; Apoptosis.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602014000100055
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In vitro assessment of a computer-designed potential anticancer agent in cervical cancer cells Biol. Res.
Visagie,Michelle Helen; Jaiswal,Seema Rummurat; Joubert,Anna Margaretha.
BACKGROUND: Computer-based technology is becoming increasingly essential in biological research where drug discovery programs start with the identification of suitable drug targets. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is a 17ß-estradiol metabolite that induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines including cervical cancer, breast cancer and multiple myeloma. Owing to 2ME2's poor in vivo bioavailability, our laboratory in silico-designed and subsequently synthesized a novel 2ME2 analogue, 2-ethyl-3-O-sulphamoyl-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-ol (ESE-15-ol), using receptor- and ligand molecular modeling. In this study, the biological effects of ESE-15-ol (180 nM) and its parent molecule, 2ME2 (1 &#956;M), were assessed on morphology and apoptosis induction in...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Morphology; Apoptosis; Cervical cancer; ESE-15-ol.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602016000100043
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The Role of Apollon Gene Silencing on Viablity and Radiosensitivity of Cervical Cancer Hela Cells BABT
Milani,Saeideh; Bandehpour,Mojgan; Sharifi,Zohreh; Kazemi,Bahram.
Cervical cancer is the second common cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Radioresistancy of cancer is a principal cause of treatment impairing. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) widely block apoptosis against apoptotic stimuli, including current chemo- and radiation therapies. Apollon, a membrane of IAP, can support cells against apoptosis and is over expressed in some treatment-resistant cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of apollon knockdown on induction of apoptosis and also its potential for enhancement of radiosensitvity on hela cells. plasmid encoding shRNA which has been confirmed its effect against apollon, transfected into hela cells. Consequent effects on the level of P53 , Bax and BAK analyzed by real...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Apollon; Apoptosis; Radiosensitivity; Cervical cancer.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132016000100320
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Problems and pitfalls in vulvar and cervical cancer sentinel node scintigraphy BABT
Sinzinger,Helmut; Granegger,Susanne; Palumbo,Barbara; Palumbo,Renato.
After the introduction for penile cancer, the sentinel lymph node imaging is increasingly applied in various types of cancer. After the initial learning phase, 105 patients with vulvar and 24 with cervical cancer have been investigated. In vulvar cancer all the imaged sentinel nodes were discovered by the portable probe intraoperatively. No false negative sentinel node was observed. The most critical issue is the tracer application. Performed strictly intradermally, the sentinel node shows up immediately. Concomitant use of isosulfan blue dye did not improve the results and was stopped therefore. Similarly, more superficial (intra/subendothelial) application brings up better results as compared to deeper injection in cervical cancer patients. No false...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Sentinel lymph node; Vulvar cancer; Cervical cancer; Scintigraphy.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132008000700007
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TT virus in peripheral blood cells from patients with human papillomavirus (HPV): investigating association with cervical carcinoma BABT
Suzuki,Patrícia Sayuri; Oliveira,Karen Brajão de; Herrera,Ana Cristina do Amaral; Borelli,Sueli Donizete; Guembarovski,Roberta Losi; Oliveira,Carlos Eduardo Coral de; Oda,Julie Massayo Maeda; Ozawa,Patricia Midori Murobushi; Watanabe,Maria Angelica Ehara.
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) presence was investigated in peripheral blood of 117 brazilian women by nested polymerase chain reaction. TTV DNA was observed in 18.6% of healthy donors and in 24.32% Human Papillomavirus (HPV) patients. TTV presence was also investigated in the HPV positive group for comparison between the cervical cancer and noncancerous patients. TTV DNA prevalence was significantly higher among the HPV positive patients with cervical cancer (57.14%) than in HPV noncancerous patients (16.67%). Thus, the presence of TTV infection could be a risk factor for cancer development in the patients presenting HPV-TTV coinfection. Further studies are required to clarify the TTV influence in HPV pathogenesis.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: TTV DNA; HPV; Cervical cancer.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132014000200010
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The environmental cofactors in carcinogenesis in high risk HPV/HIV-positive women BJID
Paulo,Michele; Borges,Alex Bittencourt; Duarte,Geraldo; Quintana,Silvana Maria; Montes,Marlise Bonetti Agostinho; Toloi,Maria Regina Torqueti.
The objective of the present study was to assess the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in HIV-infected women, with comparison between the Papanicolaou cytologic technique and the molecular PCR technique, as well as to determine the type of HPV, to measure cellular immunocompetence and to identify the presence of risk factors for the acquisition of HPV infection. Thirty HIV-infected women were selected. Vaginal and endocervical samples were collected from 27 of them. The smears were examined by 3 experienced cytologists to diagnose the presence of HPV by the Papanicolaou technique and the results were compared to HPV detection and typing by PCR. HPV-infected patients were interviewed in order to identify the presence of risk factors for the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: HPV; HIV-infected women; Cervical cancer; Carcinogenesis; Antiretroviral therapy.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702007000200003
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Uncommon non-oncogenic HPV genotypes, TP53 and MDM2 genes polymorphisms in HIV-infected women in Southern Brazil BJID
Entiauspe,Ludmila Gonçalves; Seixas,Fabiana Kömmling; Nunes,Emily Montosa; Rodrigues,Fernanda Martins; Dellagostin,Odir A.; Collares,Tiago; Silveira,Mariângela Freitas da.
Background:It is believed that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection contributes to increase the risk for cervical intraepithelial injuries. Several factors may contribute to cervical cancer (CC) development, including genetic variants such as TP53and MDM2 gene polymorphisms.Materials and methods:A hundred HIV-infected women were examined for HPV detection and its genotypes, as well as the frequencies of the SNPs Arg72Pro and SNP309 and their associations with CC risk factors. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) was used for HPV detection and PCR-RFLP for TP53 and MDM2 SNP309 genotyping.Results:HPV DNA was detected in 68% of samples. A higher frequency of low-risk HPV genotypes (66.7%) was observed when compared to...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: HPV infection; HIV infection; Cervical cancer; Epidemiology.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702014000600643
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Human papillomavirus infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a retrospective study BJID
Carvalho,M.O.O; Carestiato,F.N; Perdigão,P.H; Xavier,M.P.P.T; Silva,KC; Botelho,M.O; Oliveira,L.H.S.; Cavalcanti,S.M.B..
There is considerable data to support a central role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer. More than a 100 HPV types have been described, and 40 have been isolated from benign and malignant genital lesions. Consequently, there is strong motivation to evaluate HPV testing for cervical cancer screening. Few studies concerning the natural history of HPV infection have been conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro. We determined the prevalence of HPV types in female genital lesions by using Hybrid Capture Assay (HCA) and we retrospectively analyzed the course of HPV infection. Our sample included 788 women attended at Laboratórios Sérgio Franco. The average age of the participants was 29.6 years. HPV prevalence and cytological...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: HPV; Cervical cancer; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702005000500007
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High-risk human papillomavirus and cervical lesions among women living with HIV/AIDS in Brazilian Amazon, Brazil BJID
Silva,Leila da; Miranda,Angélica; Batalha,Rosieny; Ferreira,Luiz; Santos,Mayara; Talhari,Sinésio.
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection infection and cervical lesions and its associated factors among HIV infected women attending an AIDS clinic in Amazonas state, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Women attending an AIDS clinic in the city of Manaus between March and December 2011 for gynecological examination were invited to participate. Enrolled patients answered a standardized interview including demographical, behavioral, and clinical data. Additionally, patients underwent a gynecological evaluation with collection of cervical samples for cytological analysis and high-risk human papillomavirus infection hybrid capture. A blood sample was also obtained to determine CD4...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: HPV; HIV; Cervical cancer; Brazilian Amazon.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702015000600557
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Interleukin-12 gene adjuvant increases the immunogenicity of virus-like particles of human papillomavirus type 16 regional variant strain BJID
Wei,Lanlan; Chu,Ming; Zhang,Qingmeng; Wang,Yan; Shang,Qinglong; Zhang,Yunyan; Zhang,Guangmei.
Objectives:To analyze the immunogenicity of virus-like particles (VLP) of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) isolated in East China and the adjuvant potential of interleukin-12 (IL-12).Methods:The variant HPV16 L1VLP expressed in sf9 insect cells were purified with cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with VLP (L1N), VLP with Freund's adjuvant (L1A) or VLP with IL-12 recombinant plasmid (L1P). HPV16 VLP specific IgG and IFN-γ level in the serum were detected by ELISA, and the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ in spleen cells was detected with flow cytometry.Results:The titers of serum IgG antibodies in vaccinated groups were higher than in negative control and the serum antibodies mainly recognized conformation-dependent HPV16...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cervical cancer; Human papillomavirus type 16; Virus-like particle; Cellular immunity; IL-12.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702014000100065
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Cervical human papillomavirus infection and persistence: a clinic-based study in the countryside from South Brazil BJID
Coser,Janaina; Boeira,Thaís da Rocha; Wolf,Jonas Michel; Cerbaro,Kamila; Simon,Daniel; Lunge,Vagner Ricardo.
Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common in sexually active women and viral persistence may cause intraepithelial lesions and eventually progress to cervical cancer (CC). The present study aimed to investigate epidemiological factors related to HPV infection and to evaluate viral persistence and CC precursor lesions frequencies in women from a city in the countryside of South Brazil. Three hundred women were recruited from a primary public health care clinic. The patients were interviewed and underwent sampling with cervical brushes for HPV-DNA detection/typing by a PCR-based assay and cytological analysis by Pap smear test. HPV was detected in 47 (15.7%) women. HPV infection was significantly associated with young age (<30 years) and low...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: HPV prevalence; HPV persistence; Cervical cancer; Epidemiology.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702016000100061
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Estrogen and progesterone receptors in human papilloma virus-related cervical neoplasia BJMBR
Coelho,F.R.G.; Prado,J.C.M.; Pereira Sobrinho,J.S.; Hamada,G.; Landman,G.; Pinto,C.A.; Nonogaki,S.; Villa,L.L..
Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in the normal uterine cervix, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma were studied in consecutive samples from Hospital do Câncer, São Paulo, between 1996 and 1997. Tissue was collected by removing a fragment of the tumoral area using a 5-mm diameter biopsy punch, followed by removal of a macroscopically normal area as close as possible from the tumor. Histopathological confirmation was obtained for all specimens analyzed. A total of 24 normal tissues, 17 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 7 of invasive carcinomas were studied. The ER/PR ratio was determined by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies specific for each receptor. Adjacent tissue slides were submitted to...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Estrogen receptor; Progesterone receptor; Cervical cancer; Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Human papillomavirus.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2004000100012
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Overexpression of ezrin and galectin-3 as predictors of poor prognosis of cervical cancer BJMBR
Li,M.; Feng,Y.M.; Fang,S.Q..
The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of ezrin and galectin-3 expressions with prognosis in cervical cancer. The immunohistochemical method was applied to detect ezrin and galectin-3 expressions in normal cervix tissues (n=30), cervicitis tissues (n=28), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) tissues (classified as I-III, n=89), and cervical carcinoma tissues (n=84). Follow-up was conducted for 5 to 78 months to analyze the correlation of protein expressions with prognosis. Ezrin and galectin-3 expressions in cervical cancer were significantly higher than in normal cervix, cervicitis and CIN (all P<0.05), and expressions in CIN were significantly higher than in normal cervix and cervicitis (both P<0.05). The expressions of ezrin and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ezrin protein; Galectin-3 protein; Cervical cancer; Deep myometrial invasion; Lymph node metastasis; Prognosis.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000400601
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Production of L1 protein from different types of HPV in Pichia pastoris using an integrative vector BJMBR
Coimbra,E.C.; Gomes,F.B.; Campos,J.F.; D’arc,M.; Carvalho,J.C.; Mariz,F.C.; Jesus,A.L.S.; Stocco,R.C.; Beçak,W.; Freitas,A.C..
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world and is related to the etiology of cervical cancer. The most common high-risk HPV types are 16 and 18; however, the second most prevalent type in the Midwestern region of Brazil is HPV-33. New vaccine strategies against HPV have shown that virus-like particles (VLP) of the major capsid protein (L1) induce efficient production of antibodies, which confer protection against the same viral type. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an efficient and inexpensive expression system for the production of high levels of heterologous proteins stably using a wild-type gene in combination with an integrative vector. It was recently demonstrated that P. pastoris can...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Human papillomavirus; Cervical cancer; Pichia pastoris; L1.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2011001200003
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PCR-RFLP assay as an option for primary HPV test BJMBR
Golfetto,L.; Alves,E.V.; Martins,T.R.; Sincero,T.C.M.; Castro,J.B.S.; Dannebrock,C.; Oliveira,J.G.; Levi,J.E.; Onofre,A.S.C.; Bazzo,M.L..
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an essential factor of cervical cancer. This study evaluated the analytical performance of restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) assay compared to PapilloCheck® microarray to identify human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cells. Three hundred and twenty-five women were analyzed. One sample was used for conventional cytology and another sample was collected using BD SurePath™ kit for HPV tests. Eighty samples (24.6%) were positive for HPV gene by PCR-Multiplex and were then submitted to PCR-RFLP and PapilloCheck® microarray. There was a genotyping agreement in 71.25% (57/80) on at least one HPV type between PCR-RFLP and PapilloCheck® microarray. In 22 samples...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cervical cancer; HPV; Screening; PCR-RFLP; PapilloCheck® microarray.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000500619
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c-Myc protein expression is not an independent prognostic predictor in cervical squamous cell carcinoma BJMBR
Brenna,S.M.F.; Zeferino,L.C.; Pinto,G.A.; Souza,R.A.; Andrade,L.A.L.; Vassalo,J.; Martinez,E.Z.; Syrjänen,K.J..
The c-myc protein is known to regulate the cell cycle, and its down-regulation can lead to cell death by apoptosis. The role of c-myc protein as an independent prognostic determinant in cervical cancer is controversial. In the present study, a cohort of 220 Brazilian women (mean age 53.4 years) with FIGO stage I, II and III (21, 28 and 51%, respectively) cervical squamous cell carcinomas was analyzed for c-myc protein expression using immunohistochemistry. The disease-free survival and relapse-rate were analyzed using univariate (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis for 116 women who completed the standard FIGO treatment and were followed up for 5 years. Positive c-myc staining was detected in 40% of carcinomas, 29% being grade 1, 9% grade 2, and 2% grade 3....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: C-myc; Oncogene; Cervical cancer; Prognosis.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2002000400003
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Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B accelerates tumorigenesis of cervical cancer in vitro by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway BJMBR
Xu,Shuxiang; Fan,Yingying; Li,Dongping; Liu,Yan; Chen,Xu.
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women around the world. However, the underlying mechanism involved in cervical cancer progression is incompletely known. In the present study, we determined the role of glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) in tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. According to the GEO database, we found that GPNMB expression was significantly higher in cervical cancer than in normal cervix epithelium. A similar pattern was observed in GPNMB expression in cultured cervical cancer cells and normal cervical epithelial cells. Compared with the control, GPNMB knockdown significantly decreased the proliferation and migration capacity, but enhanced the apoptosis capacity of SiHa and HeLa cells. Additionally, the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cervical cancer; GPNMB; Tumorigenesis; MMPs; Wnt/β-catenin.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2019000100607
Registros recuperados: 34
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